Several works have demonstrated the adiabatic frequency shift for canonical all-optical modulation 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, but nonadiabatic process is challenging and requires the pump timescale shorter than the cycle of stored photons, i.e., subcycle control of light–matter interactions, where quantum squeezed states would be generated 1, 16. Deeper physical insights with additional degree of freedom emerge when the photon-populated cavity has a long-lasting lifetime as well as long cycle period so that the injection of temporal boundary can be controlled in a subcycle scheme 1, 12. Recent interests have focused on an extra dimension as an alternative to three-dimensional cavities: temporal boundary 6, which shifts the emission frequency of a microcavity and leads to nontrivial physics such as Lorentz nonreciprocity 7, 8, 9, 10 and dynamic wavefront 11 for potential on-chip and free-space applications. Single or multimode resonant cavities are critical components in rendering large quality factors ( Q) that provide an elegant way to tailor the strength of light–matter interactions 4, 5. Strong light–matter interactions are of extreme importance in optical applications ranging from quantum electrodynamics 1 to photonic memory 2 and optical information processing 3. By synthesizing the temporal loss boundary into a photon populated cavity, a plethora of interesting phenomena and applications are envisioned such as the observation of quantum squeezed states, low-loss nonreciprocal waveguides and ultrafast beam scanning devices. The model unravels the underlying mechanism of concomitant coherent spectral oscillations and generation of tone-tuning cavity photons in the braking process. We interpret the transient boundary as a perturbation by considering both real and imaginary parts of permittivity, and the dynamic process is modeled with a temporal two-dipole oscillator: one with the natural resonant polarization and the other with a frequency-shift polarization. Coupled cavity photons can be distinguished by stripping one photonic mode through controlling the loss boundary, which enables the transition from a coupled to an uncoupled state. Here, we introduce the transient loss boundary into a photon populated cavity that functions as a ‘photon brake’ and probe photon dynamics by engineering the ‘brake timing’ and ‘brake strength’. Manipulating losses to adjust the dissipation of photons is analogous to braking a running car that is as important as populating photons via a gain medium. Losses are ubiquitous and unavoidable in nature inhibiting the performance of most optical processes.
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